Tuesday, August 25, 2020

Biology And Human Evolution Essays - Anthropology, Apes, Free Essays

Science And Human Evolution Essays - Anthropology, Apes, Free Essays Science And Human Evolution Human Biology and Evolution People are Alive The soonest human living thing can be followed back more than 3.5 billion years prior. People are supposed to be relatives of a solitary celled progenitor. Despite the fact that they are diverse fit as a fiddle every essential capacity are indistinguishable. The more mind boggling the association of the cell turned into the more effective and created it became. As these single celled living beings created they got known as pre-people. We share numerous qualities with these pre-people. A portion of these qualities incorporate the experts of heredity DNA and RNA just as proteins made out of amino acids, films or bound cells and ultimately controlled cell division or mitosis, key to the girl cells. Realms are Alive The decent variety of realms is organized into realms that group creatures from easy to complex. The customary five realms are Prokaryote, Protoctista, Fungi, Plantae, and Anamalia. Prokaryote is a bacterium that needs atomic film. Protoctista is a heterogeneous gathering that joins an extraordinary decent variety of structures. Growths are known for being significant specialists of piece they incorporate yeast and mushroom. Plantae, are sorted as plants that utilization daylight to change over to vitality. Ultimately Anamalia, Anamalial individuals are multicellular and completely versatile, they acquire their supplements from other living things. Our Place in Nature People are progressively ordered into a progression of progressively explicit gatherings. They go from the Kingdom Animalia to the Genus Homo, the Homo Sapiens has all the earmarks of being its lone living delegate Realm: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Subphylum: Vertabrata Class: Mammalia Family: Hominidfae Class: Homo Our Place in time Over an extensively enormous range of geographical time life on earth has changed definitely. People and their nearby family members are the latest appearances in the Tertiary time frame. The periods extend Precambrian which was more than 56 million years prior to Quaternary which was 1.8 million years back to introduce. In this diagram you will have the option to see all periods going from Precambrian to Quaternary. TABLE PERIOD AGE (A large number of YEARS) SOME IMPORTANT EVENTS IN THE HISTORY OF LIFE Quaternary 0.01 1.8 Historic time ice ages; people show up Tertiary 5 65 Apelike predecessors of people show up significant radiation of warm blooded animals, flying creatures, and pollinating creepy crawlies Cretaceous 144 Flowering plants show up; dinosaurs and numerous gatherings of living beings become sense at end of period Jurassic 208 Gymnosperms proceed as predominant plants; dinosaurs prevailing; first flying creatures Triassic 245 Gymnosperms overwhelm scenes; first dinosaurs and warm blooded creatures Permian 286 Radiation of reptiles; roots of vertebrate like reptiles and most current requests of creepy crawlies Carboniferous 360 Extensive timberlands of vascular plants; first seed plants; starting point of reptiles; creatures of land and water prevailing Devonian 408 Diversification of hard fishes; first creatures of land and water and creepy crawlies Silurian 438 Diversity of jawless vertebrates; colonization of land by Plants and anthropods; starting points of vascular plants Ordovician 505 First vertebrates (jawless fishes); Marine green growth rich Cambrian 544 Origin of most invertebrate phyla; Various green growth Precambrian 700 4600 Origin of first creatures Rough inception of the earth Biosystems the Movie I saw a video outlining the faculties through present day move. The video was extremely realistic and itemized and demonstrated a virtual voyage through the organs. First I saw how deoxidized blood travel through the heart chambers to the lungs to complete oxidized this was through the cardiovascular framework. At that point I watched three pieces of the sensory system, the ear, eye and the cerebrum. I at that point took a visit through the urinary framework, the stomach related framework, respiratory framework lastly the musculoskeloton framework, which finished up the film. People are Vertebrates People are set in the subphylum vertebrata. The class vertebrata contains all creatures with a spine. This gathering contains assorted creatures, for example, fish, creatures of land and water, reptiles, winged animals and warm blooded animals. The greater part of our recognizable body frameworks are imparted to vertebrates. Musculoskeletal System A skeleton group of four and a canine in a lounge room watching baseball outlined the musculoskeletal framework. The ball game was really an instructive video on the joints and muscles of the chest area. Circulatory System The circulatory framework has three fundamental parts, the lymphatic framework, vessels and blood. The lymphatic framework transports intercellular liquid through the circulatory framework. Vessels are infinitesimal veins whose divider is just a single cell in thickness. They convey blood extravagant in oxygen and supplements to all tissues in the body. Urinary System The kidney in the urinary framework controls the compound structure of the blood hence controlling the substance arrangement of the body tissues. The practical unit of the kidney is known as a nephron and it ingests a lot

Saturday, August 22, 2020

Stem Cell Research Legislaion Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Undeveloped cell Legislaion - Research Paper Example Be that as it may, real research on undeveloped cells started during the 1960s and the 1970’s when treatment of numerous immunodeficiency conditions and leukemia was looked for from undifferentiated cells (UK Stem Cell Foundation 2011). When all is said in done, around then, since the extent of undeveloped cell inquire about was colossal and could likewise be life-sparing in specific conditions, individuals suggested utilizing such innovation. Indeed, even today, a few sicknesses, for example, malignancy, coronary illness, and so forth, are hopeless and an immature microorganism research may offer an opportunity. Not exclusively are the individuals looking towards the administration to allow the utilization of this innovation, yet additionally government financing is being tried to support this innovation. In one patient who was experiencing HIV/AIDS, the utilization of foundational microorganisms from an individual who had a safe quality variation helped the patient to quit t aking antiviral meds. Be that as it may, the utilization of undeveloped undifferentiated organisms represents a great deal of moral issues as they can possibly frame life (Research America 2012). Undeveloped cell look into isn't master life and frequently the guarantees that they offer are not proof based and just separation prospects. No remedy for any sickness has been gotten from foundational microorganism look into nor has this type of research continued past lab creatures. At the point when George W Bush had taken the workplace in 2001, he instituted a restriction on undifferentiated cell look into with a goal of closure government financing on it as it included wrecking human life. Here since human life was being utilized simply for experimentation and gathering body parts, the Congress looked for the prohibition on immature microorganisms (Wertz, 2002). In any case, the Congress looked for the utilization of immature microorganisms without decimating undeveloped cells that co uld change into individuals. In 2004, the California Institute for Regenerative medication was arrangement so as to direct the exploration discoveries and the examination offices. Establishments looking for financing fro immature microorganism inquire about need to move toward the California Institute for Regenerative medication. In 2007, the Bush Administration looked for the inversion of the previous arrangement which tried to repress the government spending on foundational microorganism acquired from human incipient organisms. In 2009, Barack Obama marked the official request that allowed undifferentiated cell investigate on human incipient organisms. In 2011, more prominent explanation on the government subsidizing was being looked for as administrative assets must be spent on exploring undeveloped cells and not obliterating the human incipient organisms (American Association for the Advancement of Science 2011). 2. How can it contrast with similar rules in the remainder of the world? The US isn't the main country to have an issue with managing undifferentiated organism inquire about and numerous different countries including the EU may forbid foundational microorganism look into got from undeveloped immature microorganisms. A considerable lot of the legislatures over the world have been financing immature microorganisms investigate. In China, undeveloped cell treatment focuses are available which uses immature microorganisms from umbilicus or autologously produced for treating a few issue, for example, Parkinsonism and cerebral plays. In Australia, educated assent is required from the couple experiencing IVF for undifferentiated organism look into and just those early stage cells that will be squandered can be utilized for foundational microorganism examine. During clinical research preliminaries, the undeveloped undifferentiated organisms gave by the clients can be utilized simply in the wake of taking educated assent. Any undeveloped organism that is pr epared inside a women’

Saturday, August 1, 2020

Born Under Punches

Born Under Punches DID YOU KNOW? The German language has two different verbs for to eat, depending on whether a person is eating (essen) or an animal is eating (fressen). I have also learned the German word for to strike a deathblow. Look out, world. It was a really, oustandingly lovely day today. Just so you know. But its a busy week in my life, between classes, choir, marching band, career fair, thinking about grad school applications, marathon training, information sessions, UROP, Sonic the Hedgehog 2, housewarming parties, a floor-sponsored trip to some island in the middle of Boston Harbor, and who knows what else. Heck, I didnt even have time to call Sams Mom tonight. Good thing she reads my blog, huh? Today I also completed the long distance runaround from the music offices to the HASS office to my advisor twice this week so I could propose my music minor (6 classes) and provide evidence of the completion of my music concentration (3 classes, and a GIR). Youd assume that at MIT I could register for classes or turn in important forms on a computer or something, but then again you know what happens when you assume, dont you? Well, I guess some of our more ambitious code monkeying students wouldnt come out of their rooms for more than 30 minutes each term if they didnt have to run over to the gym to schedule classes. And then I have homework! And not just psets! I have homework in my HASS classes, dude! I assumed that taking two science classes and three HASS classes that I love would decrease my workload a little bit this term, but you know what happens when you assume, dont you? Anyway, heres what Im punting right now to blog: 21F.403: German III Write a modern-day parody of a fairy tale. Mine is a version of The Three Little Pigs where the wolf is a health code inspector. Well, only the first two paragraphs are due tomorrow. Ill make it work. Trust me. 21M.303: Writing in Tonal Forms I Write the first 8 bars of a minuet for string quartet. Dr. Ruehr helpfully told us that this should basically consist of a memorable moment in the first four bars and a less memorable moment in the second four bars. Well, Ive got the first part written already, and then the second part should kind of follow by definition, right? She also bought us sticky buns and scheduled a minuet dance lesson for us to get us more in that baroque mood. 21M.500: Senior Seminar in Music: Pulitzer Prize-winning composer John Harbison has asked us to perform some of Bachs greatest hits in class, mostly from the Art of Fugue. Since Im a singer and terrible at piano, he let me perform and analyze some of the cantatas instead. So, Ive gotta practice Movt. 5 of Cantata 101 for Wednesday and hope that my voice changes back to a range where I can sing tenor parts again. Weve also got to choose from a list of 12 diverse pieces for our project on improvisation. Im really jockeying for Liszts first Transcendtal Etude, Ives Concord Sonata, or Bachs Chromatic Fantasy and Fugue. If I dont get those, oh Ill just die. I might write an entry on teacher recommendations, just as a way of reminding myself that I need to start getting them too. GET TO WORK SAM HOW LONG HAVE YOU BEEN WRITING THIS STUPID BLOG ENTRY?! If I inspire just one little girl to dance, it was all worth it.

Friday, May 22, 2020

Common Courtesy and Respect - 1401 Words

Where has our common courtesy and respect gone? Lionel Wijesiri When music and courtesy are better understood and appreciated, there will be no war. (Confucius) Most of us belonging to pre-Gen X (people who are 60+ of age) will agree that both young and not-so-young amongst us have become less considerate and more selfish than they used to be few decades ago. We know it through personal experience, and we know it through published studies. By performing a kind act, one makes the world a slightly more pleasant place to live. It’s like that series of commercials where one person sees another person doing something inspired or heroic, and then at a later time makes a point of paying it forward. This happens again and again. It†¦show more content†¦Or compliment the person serving you on something (the service, their attitude, their smile – whatever might apply). Resist the urge to rush through the door to wherever you’re going – hold it for the next person. Let someone (a mother with a cranky child, an elderly couple, the shy-looking kid with the two bags of chips and six-pack of pop) go ahead of you in line at the grocery store. Acknowledge all the people who do all the ‘menial’ tasks that make your life so much easier or better – the policeman at the corner, the bus driver, the garbage man, the mail carrier. Change A couple of days ago, I was nearly run over in the store by a young mother and her two kids. No apology, no recognition, nothing. Too often these days, this seems to be the prevailing behaviour; the general attitude is Me, me, me. Why does our society seem so angry? I don’t know what has caused it. I do know it can be changed by one person at a time changing his or her behaviour. One of the things you can do is to take a look at your anger. Who did it to you? Who made you mad? Find out. Write a Resentment Inventory. List everyone you blame for your life and everyone you resent. Who done you wrong? What did they do? Write it down. Then forgive every one of them, release them and let it go. It might release the resentment and blame from your consciousness. Let us get back to good old days when weShow MoreRelatedCustoms and Courtesies Us Army Paper1518 Words   |  7 PagesMilitary Customs and Courtesies There are many traditions that have been established over the long history of the military services. These many traditions can be broken into numerous customs and courtesies. A custom is a way of acting in a manner that has been continued constantly over a long period of time. It is almost like a law. A courtesy is a way of displaying good manners and politeness when dealing with other people. Military courtesy conveys respect both up and down the chain ofRead MoreUnderstanding the Proper Way to Treat the Disabled707 Words   |  3 Pagesdisabled community. The impaired community is made up of people who now live with a physical impairment, or a mental disability. Respect the disabled, they have rights that belong to them just as anyone; have courtesy, living with a disability does not mean being less capable, with the hardships that has faced the disabled community, they definitely deserve the same courtesy as anybody else. Be understanding, though they should be treated â⠂¬Å"normally,† realize that the disability has a toals on them Read MoreEssay about Customs and courtesies1003 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Customs and Courtesies As soldiers we are taught to live the seven Army values defining the basics of what a soldier is all about. One of those being respect. Relying on the golden rule, â€Å"How we consider others reflects upon each of us, both personally and as a professional organization.† I believe this is an extremely important value to live by each and every day. As a soldier I pledged to treat others with dignity and respect while expecting others to do the same. Respect is what allows usRead MoreMilitary Customs1519 Words   |  7 PagesMilitary Customs and Courtesies In the Army and throughout every branch there are certain customs and courtesies that every soldier and military member must follow in order for there to be order and discipline on a daily basis. Customs and courtesies are put in to place to show respect for Non Commissioned Officers and for Officers of all rank. In this essay, I will be writing about the importance of salutes, standing at the correct position when talking to someone higher ranking than yourselfRead MoreCustoms and Courtesies Essays700 Words   |  3 PagesMarine Corps customs and courtesies are very important to the way the Marine Corps works. They are intended to reinforce discipline and the chain of command, showing how Marines will treat their superiors. They also enhance esprit de corps and unity. This is what makes the Marine Corps the brotherhood that it has become. Military courtesies include correct forms of address like; Sir, and Maam, and when each should be used; the salute, and standing at attention, proper wear of military covers, andRead MoreEssay on Teaching Our Children Common Courtesy and Etiquette556 Words   |  3 PagesSeeing a young child disrespect their elders is a pet peeve of many adults. Common Courtesy is on the brink of extinction, especially among out youngest generation. Proper etiquette remains an essential component to common courtesy. Though teachers already have their hands full with America’s failing education system, teaching etiquette may be very beneficial. Moreover, parents no longer instruct their children on common courtesy, perhaps because they have not learned it themselves, which hinders an entireRead MoreCorrective Action for Disrespecting Higher Ranking Military Personal1268 Words   |  5 PagesThis essay is on tact, professionalism, respect and disrespect, as part of my corrective action for dis respecting higher ranking military personal. I will start this essay off with defining each of the subjects so that the reader may have a full understanding on what each mean. Tact is the first subject on which I am suppose to include in this essay, tact is defined as a keen sense of what to say or do to avoid giving offense; skill in dealing with difficult or delicate situations. The secondRead More The World Needs a Little Courtesy Essay1042 Words   |  5 Pages The World Needs a Little Courtesy nbsp; nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; Doesnt anyone show common courtesy anymore? When I was younger, I never knew what my parents meant when I heard them ask that question. I thought people were polite. I never had any problems with rude people. Now that I am older, and actually experience people outside of school, I understand what my parents meant. nbsp; nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; What happened to people saying Excuse me when they want to walk past you? DontRead MoreA Paradox Can Be A Very Confusing Concept, For There Never1589 Words   |  7 Pagesglorifies courtesy, loyalty, and trust-worthiness. To be a true and noble knight, Gawain must exhibit these qualities. Through the poem though, it shows how courtesy does not work in reality. This paradox seems to have no end because the poem emphasizes courtesy, but it does not work out for Gawain in the end, and yet still he needs to uphold it and glorify it. As endless and the paradox may seem, there is a possible solution of upholding courtesy as best as possible. Upholding courtesy will not pleaseRead MoreUnderstanding The Physical And Mental Language843 Words   |  4 Pagespoint out the positive and negative norms. Identify every aspect of the norm that associates within each person finding the reaction which many either do or do not expect. Chambliss stated that, norms are accepted social behaviors and beliefs, or the common rules of a culture that governs the behavior of people belonging to that culture (2015). Norms that are utilized daily are; mores and laws norm are used in daily life within today’s population including myself. Mores norm in simple terms is explained

Sunday, May 10, 2020

Alienation Of Modern Life Bartleby, The Scrivener

Alienation in Modern Life Bartleby, the Scrivener: â€Å"A Story of Wall-Street† is a great depiction of alienation in the everyday routines of modern life. It is in this style of Herman Melville’s writing that we are able to not only see the damage alienation can cause to a human mind, body and spirit, but also to see and understand his own personal trials and tribulations of conforming to how society wanted him to be. Just like Bartleby, Melville refused to be part of the crowd, alienated by everyone for being true to his self. â€Å"Leo Marx, in Melville s Parable of the Walls, famously argues that Bartleby is an allegory of the role of the literary writer in a society that seems to have no place for his art.† (Tally par.11) Alienation of literary characters became more popular in the 19th century writings. An era recognized by sudden and unforeseen disruptions with the traditional ways of how people were interacting in society. Individualism became a virtue; where in the past days were downcast. â€Å"Karl Marx explained in his study of alienated or estranged labor that, under the capitalist mode of production, workers are alienated from the products of their labor and from their own labor power (which they sell for a wage), but they are also alienated from their human essence, effectively becoming machines in the mechanical system of production.† (Tally par.4) Today we live in a world that encourages individuals to be who they want to be. However when they do not fitShow MoreRelatedThe School Of Marxist Criticism1703 Words   |  7 Pagesdetailed approaches I will break it down to six small key vocabulary words, which I will hopefully use in my analysis. One of those keys is proletariat, which in other words means the working class people who perform all of the labor which in real life situations make the majority of the population today. The second is bourgeois which is the upper class and they are in charge of everything wh ich most of the time rule everyone who is lower than them which is the lower class so when we would want toRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter And Bartleby The Scrivener1238 Words   |  5 PagesIn The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne and â€Å"Bartleby the Scrivener† by Herman Melville, the two main characters face conflicts with society. In the â€Å"Scarlet Letter†, Hester Prynne, a young woman, is forced to bear a symbol of her affair with Reverend Dimmesdale on her chest and face public humiliation for the rest of her life. â€Å"Bartleby the Scrivener† is a story about a man who is a misfit, struggling to fit into society as a scrivener for Wall Street, who eventually dies in a prison. BothRead MoreA Rose For Emily, By William Faulkner Essay2322 Words   |  10 PagesIsolate is defined as to remain alone or keep separate from others whereas solitude is the state of being alone. Isolation and solitude are tremendous, effective and beating emotions. They forc es the capacity to devastate a people life by overpowering it with despair and murkiness. A short story, A Rose for Emily, by William Faulkner, was initially published on April 30, 1930. William Cuthbert Faulkner was born in New Albany, Mississippi, on September 25, 1897. As he experienced childhood in NewRead MoreRelationship Between Society And The Individual2194 Words   |  9 Pagesrelationship between the individual and society that is reflected in the written pieces of each time, revealing the connection between oneself and the collective spanning across the centuries. ‘The Scarlet Letter’, written in a Puritan world, and ‘Bartleby, The Scrivener’, written in capitalist America, are two key examples of literature that expose, detail and discuss the relationship between society and the individual in American history. Alexis de Tocqueville (1835), a French political thinker, statedRead MoreEssay on 103 American Literature Final Exam5447 Words   |  22 Pagesâ€Å"purity† of American culture and rejecting the influences of Europe (C) international in nature, bringing together American and European culture (D) a rejection of America and American experiences 13. In 1920, what development changed social and political life for women? (A) They were denied the legal right to drive automobiles. (B) They gained the right to vote. (C) Congress passed the Equal Pay Act, banning sex discrimination in pay in a number of different professions. (D) They were prohibited from enrollingRead MoreBrief Survey of American Literature3339 Words   |  14 Pagesthe nation Benjamin Franklin a second-generation immigrant of English descendent Writer, printer, publisher, scientist, statesman, and diplomat, he was the most famous and respected private figure of his time. Benjamin Franklin recorded his early life in his famous book The Autobiography. Benjamin Franklin He was the first great self-made man in America, a poor democrat born in an aristocratic age supported the cause of independence,, and aided Jefferson in writing the Declaration of IndependenceRead MoreEnglish Literature- an Episode in the Life of an Author5918 Words   |  24 PagesDRAMA- Absurd Theater An Episode in the life of an author by P.Baburaj, Senior Lecturer, Dept of English, Sherubtse College, Bhutan Convention defined by contemporary critic Martin Esslin as â€Å"striving to express its sense of senselessness of the rational approach by the open abandonment of the rational devices and discursive thoughts†. Plays in the absurdist tradition attempts to show the irrational and illogical aspects of life through absurd characters, dialogues and situations. The plays of

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

The Handphone Influences People’s Behaviour Free Essays

The handphone influences people’s behaviour Behaviour is not be formed by a thing constantly, but it is formed by many things continously. Because, everything what people saw, listened, and said forms his behaviour. One of them is one of media of communication, which is called handphone. We will write a custom essay sample on The Handphone Influences People’s Behaviour or any similar topic only for you Order Now Hand phone is one of the tool of communication between a person with others. Today, it is used by both adult or child, rich or poor, and because of necessery or style in our society. But, their behaviour is influenced unconsious by using it. The phone gives the big role to influence people’s behavior. First, it neglects the user. Usually it is happened in the users who can not control their self such as the students. For examples, when the teacher is teaching in the class they are busy by playing the game or texting a message to their friends. They are serious in their doing, sometimes they are laught and smile by theirself. Moreover, the the teacher does not give the rule or punishment for them. So, they will get nothing in the class. Besides, if the parents do not control, they also do not study or do homework. Second, disturbs the childen’s development or maturity. Because, there are many things in the phone. Such as camera, games, pictures, and others. Which changes the student’s attention and concentretion, both in the class or in the home. Moreover, it gives dishonest way. Exmple, in the examination they should cheat with others by sending message or searching the material about etc. In addition, by using handphone lets the students to send or receive everything is not good and educated. So, if we let them to use it free without controling, they will be the educated of technology, but not educated of knowledge or attitude. Third, it contibutes the people to be arrogant. Because, everyperson is different personality. Basicly, the phone is used for communication with others. But, some person are use it not only for communication but also for style. As we know, today are many merks and types of phone. Such as BlackBerry, Android, Nokia, Samsung etc. Some of us compete to buy the more expensive, exis and newer. Sometimes, they more emphasize to buy the new phone than other things. Example, the students able to buy the new phone, but do not able to buy the book. This is very bad to their maturity, which compete in the extravagance. Overall, the phone gives many good function for us. There are to communicate with others, save the things as a memorial, share information etc. But, we have to release that phone is same as another technology also has the negative effects should influence the people behaviour. Forthat, we have to be wise in using it, control and tell our family, student and society the positive and negative effects. Because the phone influence the people’s behaviour. How to cite The Handphone Influences People’s Behaviour, Papers

Wednesday, April 29, 2020

Microprocessors Essays (4474 words) - American Brands,

Microprocessors About Microprocessors: Myths and Technology. By Dwight Moreland CIS 221/L Instructor, Mr. John Sharifi 6 June, 1999 Index About Microprocessors Page Myths about Sub-$1000.00 PCs 1 Industry Trends.5 Shift to On-Chip Cache Pays Off..6 How Far Can Intel Go.9 Intel Seeks Salvation on Internet..11 Socket Strategy Challenging for AMD 14 Review..17 Work Cited18 About Microprocessors Myths About the Sub-$1,000 PC The emergence of the sub-$1,000 PC market reflects an inexorable trend toward less-expensive systems that will surely doom Intel in the long run. You could easily be convinced of this argument by the recent stories on low-cost PCs. These stories, however, are based on myths, not facts, and the emergence of this new market is not likely to upset the status quo. Myth: Sub-$1,000 PCs represent up to 40% of the PC market. This gem is based on misinterpretations of a survey by Computer Intelligence that shows an increasing percentage of PC sales below $1,000 during the course of 1997. Sales in this category peaked at nearly 40% in August, but this survey measures only the U.S. retail desktop PC market, which represents less than 10% of the worldwide PC market and has specific characteristics that make it unusually receptive to sub-$1,000 PCs. In particular, it is mainly a consumer channel; two-thirds of all PCs are still bought by businesses, where the sub-$1,000 concept is far less popular. Many business users seek faster systems to increase productivity. Others shun low-end systems to avoid rapid obsolescence. Although low-cost PCs run today's software adequately, firms looking to upgrade to Windows NT and other advanced software in the future might not be able to afford the limitations of a sub-$1,000 PC. These systems also lack expansion slots in some cases, giving new meaning to the term fixed asset. The survey also doesn't include worldwide demand. While the sub-$1,000 PC is popular in emerging markets such as China, the large markets such as Europe and Japan have been slow to change their focus. Finally, the survey excludes mobile systems, which make up more than 20% of the total PC market but are not available for less than $1,000. We believe total sales of sub-$1,000 PCs were perhaps 5 million units in 1997 and will approach 10 million units, roughly 10% of the worldwide PC market, in 1998. Myth: Sub-$1,000 PCs have been enabled by low-cost CPUs from Cyrix and AMD. Sub-$1,000 PCs have been available for years; the problem has been that their capabilities were well below the needs of contemporary software. The new popularity of low-cost systems has been driven mainly by two factors: a drop in DRAM and storage prices along with a lack of performance-hungry software. DRAM prices have dropped nearly 90% in the past two years. The price of a 1G hard drive also fell. In years past, PC makers would simply increase the DRAM and hard-disk capacity in their entry-level systems, keeping prices constant. Component prices fell so fast in 1997, however, that many vendors chose to discount their entry-level configurations rather than beef them up. This decision was aided by a relative stagnation in software demands. Using a low-end processor from one of Intel's competitors can shave $20 to $40 in cost, a significant amount in a sub-$1,000 PC. But similar savings can be achieved by adjusting the memory, storage, or other features of the system, which account for 80% of the total system cost. Many PC makers have decided the Intel brand name is worth the extra expense. Both HP and Micron, for example, have chosen a Pentium/MMX-200 for their $799 PCs. Myth: The trend toward lower prices is irreversible. The factors that made low-cost PCs popular can easily be halted or even reversed. Since December, DRAM prices have firmed and even started to rise, as bleeding chip makers finally began to reign in production. This situation, exacerbated by Asian financial turmoil, could cause shortages as early as next year. In addition, the unusually fast progress in hard-disk density over the past two years is likely to return to historical rates. More important, new software will emerge that demands faster processors, more memory, and larger hard drives. Windows 98 won't do the trick, but digital photography, video conferencing, voice recognition, and other muscular applications might. Both Intel and Microsoft, companies I avoid betting against, are investing heavily to make sure that today's software doesn't remain